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THE NATURE OF SPEAKING [1]


The Definition of Speaking
Speaking is often considered as undervalued skill. Perhaps, this is because we can almost all speak, and so we take the skill to much for granted. Speaking iks often thought as a ‘popular’ form of expression, which uses the un-prestigious ‘colloquial’ register: literary skills are overall more prized.
Speaking is an active process of negotiating meaning and of using social knowledge of the situation, the topic and the other speakers. Speaking can be medium in social interaction. Spratt stated that speaking is a productive skill and it involves using speech to express meaning to other people. Speaker has a great range of expressive possibilities at his command. A part of actual words he used and he can vary his intonation and stress. Therefore, the language learners, especially English learners, tend to want to know speaking than other skills.
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As we know that many language learners regard speaking skill as the measurement of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.

Elements of Speaking
According to Jeremy Harmer on his book, The Practice of English Language Teaching, he told “The ability to speak fluently presupposes not only knowledge of language features, but also the ability to process information.” Whereas, Jeremy told that they are two elements of speaking, are:

1.       Language Features
       Language features is the language element necessary for spoken production. There are four kinds of elements that important. There are:
a.                   Connected speech
      Effective English speakers need to be able not only to produce the individual phonemes of English. (as in saying I would have gone) but also to use a fluent ‘connected speech’ (as in I’d ‘ve gone).
b.                   Expressive devices
     Every English speakers changed the pitch and stress of particular parts of utterances, vary volume and speed, and show by other physical and non-verbal (paralinguistic) means how they are feeling ( especially in face to face interaction).
c.                 Lexis and Grammar
     In spontaneous speech is marked by the use of number of common lexical phrase, especially in the performance of certain language function.
d.                   Negotiation Language
     Effective speaking benefits from the negotiator language use to seek clarification and to show the structure of what students are saying.

2.       Mental/Social processing
         Mental / social processing is the knowledge of language skills. It depends to the process of language skill. Whilst, in processing the skill it needs as following:
a.    Language processing
      Effective speakers need to be able to process language in their own heads and put it into coherent order so that it comes out in forms that are not only comprehensible, but also convey, the meanings, that are intended.
b.    Interacting with others
      Most speaking activities involve interaction with one or more participants. This means that effective speaking also involves a good deal of listening, an understanding of how the other participants are feeling, and a knowledge of how linguistically to take turns or allow others to do so.


c.     Information processing
The speakers also need to be able to process the information that delivers to the listener.

Kinds of Speaking
According to Rudolph, et al. at the Challenge of Effective Speaking there are many kind of speaking that should students know, are:
1.                   Speaking Accurately
       Speaking accurately is speaking which using words that convey the meaning precisely. It means that when students speak accurately they want their partner can interpret their words correctly and understand the meaning what students want to convey. If the listener cannot understand, what the students mean it is seem that their speaking is fools.

2.                   Speaking Clearly
       Speaking clearly is the way the students use spoken language clearly, without ambiguous and confusing language. In speaking clearly, they also need a large of vocabulary. The more they have a large vocabulary, the more choices they have from which to select the word, which want to deliver.

3.                   Speaking Vividly
       Vivid language it means a language that is full of life-vigorous, bright, and intense. While, speaking vividly is the way the students speak lively, it can make their listener interest with their information, and they can remember the students’ message. Usually, speaking vividly is one of strategy that is used by the speaker in speaking public.

4.                   Speaking Appropriately
       Students must have been appropriate speaking when they do communication with others, because through this way students can use the language to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitude of their listeners. It means that students should know how to use 5 W and 1 H (what, whom, where, when, why and how) in our communication. It can avoid from miscommunication with others.

Speaking Skill
According to Guntur “spoken language is a skill that develops in a child's life, which is only preceded by the skills of listening, and speaking skills learned”. Speaking skill has many different aspects. It is useful to look them under these heading:
a.       Accuracy
Accuracy involves the correct use of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. In controlled and guided activities the focus is usually on accuracy and the teacher makes it clear from feedback that accuracy is important.

b.       Fluency
Bailey, defines fluency as “is the capacity to speak fluidly, confidently, and at a rate consistent with the norms of the relevant native speech community. Fluency as a part of speaking indicates how well or how smooth a speaker expresses ideas in terms of sentences. Fluency in speaking is the quality of being fluent and it needs the intensity or practices, talent, habit and proper speech.
c.        Comprehension
Comprehension is the power of understanding an exercised aimed at improving or testing ones understanding of a language in written or spoken.  Moreover, it defines as the ability to understand completely and be aware of understanding whatever said by speaker or toward the topics that are discussed during having conversation. Comprehension is one of many components that should be paid attention to increase students’ speaking ability in order to speak better.

Thanks !

By Zainollah - Zain, English Department Student of STAIN Pamekasan, the general manager of BBEC 2004-2005th period. Now, he is instructor/trainer of BBEC Palengaan Pamekasan, Alifia Institute Pare Kediri, Smile Cram English Course and Training Malang East Java.





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Article I 2012-2013 Period

MISTERI SI KULIT BUNDAR
THE MYSTERY OF FOOTBALL

Sepak bola dengan segala kelebihan dan kekurangannya tidak pernah kehilangan daya tarik para pecintanya. Setiap pertandingan selalu menghadirkan misteri yang susah ditebak tidak seperti drama atau sinetron yang sudah diketahui endingnya karena ada skenario. Memang setiap tim memiliki sutradara dan actor masing-masing disetiap pertandingannya akan tetapi masalahnya mereka memiliki hasrat dan tujuan yang sama yaitu meraih kemenangan, sehingga berbagai upayapun dilakukan termasuk hal-hal yang berbau mistis tak lupa mereka kerjakan.
Football by its all positives and negatives has never lost its glamour from its lovers. Every competition always represents unpredictable mystery different from drama that has been known its result because of having stage manager/director. Definitely each team has its each play director and actors in every competition but the problem is they have the same desire and purpose namely getting victory,  so that a variety of ways is done including mystical matter they don’t forget to do.
Tidak jarang suatu tim melakukan berbagai ritual sebelum turun lapangan seperti ketika memasuki lapangan sebagian dari pemain ada yang melakukannya dengan berlari mengitari lapangan bahkan warnapun juga dipercaya memiliki keberuntungan, masih ingatkah pernyataan yang dilontarkan pelatih Jerman pada piala dunia 2010 kemaren bahwa Jerman selalu meraih kemenangan setiap kali  turun lapangan ketika  sang pelatih memakai kemeja warna putih dan juga pada piala Afrika 2011 yang lalu ketika para pemain Ghana mengaku terkena sihir sehingga mereka gagal lolos ke final. Terlepas dari hal itu benar atau tidak namun yang pasti sepak bola selalu mendapat tempat di hati para penggemarnya. Drama sepak bola selama 90 menit tidak akan pernah membosankan untuk diperbincangkan baik di dalam maupun di luar lapangan, lihatlah ketika seorang pemain mencetak gol dan melakukan selebrasi pasti menuai reaksi yang berbeda-beda dari masyarakat maupun pengamat sepak bola. Menang-kalahpun hanya bisa ditentukan di akhir pertangdingan sekedar mengingatkan final liga champion di Istanbul Turki tahun 2005 yang lalu Liverpoo yang tertinggal   3-0 oleh AC Milan hingga menit ke 78 bisa mengejar ketertinggalan  hanya dalam rentan waktu 12 menit.

It’s frequently some team commits a variety of ritual before playing even as the game is going to start some of the players still do it  for instance go around the soccer field even a color also trusted containing a lucky, did we still remember a statement expressed by the coach of Germany in world cup 2010 ago that Germany always won the game (every they (Germany) played) if the coach wore white shirt and African cup 2011 ago when Ghana’s players admitted suffered by witchcraft so they didn’t pass into final. We don’t know that it true or no but surely football is always liked by its lovers. Football competition during ninety minute will be never borring to be discussed either inside or outside competition, observe! when a player creates goal then celebrates it he must have gotten  different responses from society or football observer. The result of the game only can be known at the end of the game just  for putting one mind of final of champion league in Istanbul Turkey 2005 ago  Liverpool  surpassed by  AC Milan 3-0 could invert  the condition only at twelve minute .

Lain lagi dengan Maradona yang mencetak gol dengan bantuan tangannya dan pada gilirannya terkenal dengan gol tangan Tuhan. Kontroversi semacam ini seringkali  terjadi di event-event besar seperti piala dunia atau piala eropa yang mempertemukan tim-tim hebat seperti Brazil dan Argentina maupun Jerman dengan Belanda. Berbagai kejadian yang menyertai sebuah pertangdingan juga tidak luput dari sorotan media baik cetak maupun elektronik. Mereka (media) berlomba-lomba menjadikan sebuah peristiwa kontroversi sebagai berita utamanya sehingga bisa menaikkan popularitas dan pendapatan yang mereka peroleh. Dari sisi ekonomi sepak bola juga bisa menjadi sebuah bisnis yang menjanjikan, bagaimana tidak ketika sebuah klub merekrut seorang pemain bintang misalnya ia (klub) harus mengeluarkan ratusan miliar rupiah buat sang pemain dan juga buat sang agent. Bayangkan jika sebuah club merekrut tiga pemain bintang berapa miliar yang harus dikeluarkan buat sang pemain dan tentunya buat sang agent, itulah sisi lain sepak bola yang slalu menarik diperdebatkan. Tidak hanya itu satu hal yang membuat sepak bola tidak pernah kehilangan daya tariknya adalah olah raga ini paling banyak melibatkan pemain, hitunglah ketika dua tim bertemu di lapangan ada dua puluh dua pemain terlibat di dalamnya dan tentunya salah satu dari mereka ada yang menjadi idola supporternya, kalau masing-masing tim memiliki seorang pemain pujaan pasti  ketika mereka  bertanding ada dua orang yang selalu menjadi perhatian para fans-nya sehingga tidak heran sepak bola selalu menyedot paling banyak penonton ketimbang event-event lainnya.
It’s different from Maradona created goal helped by his hand then familiar with the god’s hand goal. This such controversy mostly happened in major competition such as world cup or euro cup which confronted big team such as Brazil and Argentina or Germany versus Netherland. Various incidents accompanying the game also exposed by media either news paper or television. They (media) vied for using controversial incident to be their headline so that it can raise their popularity and income they get. From economic side football also can be a gainful business, somehow ? when a club recruits star player for instance it (club) must spend hundreds  million dollar for the player also for the agent. Imagine ! if a club recruit three stars player how many millions the club must spend for the players and so does the agent,  thus another side of football which is always  interesting to be discussed. As well as one reason that makes football never lost its glamour is this sport mostly involve players, count ! when two teams playe there are twenty players involved in the game and of course one of the player become pubic figure of its supporter, if every team has one popular player it is clear when they match there are two players that from always get attention from his fan so that it is not surprised that football has the most supporters better than the other events.
Di samping itu sepak bola adalah olah raga paling popular di dunia, ini dibuktikan dengan banyaknya Negara yang menjadi anggota FIFA yaitu 208 negara bandingkan dengan organisasi internasional lainnya seperti PBB yang hanya memiliki anggota kurang dari 200 anggota. Hampir di semua Negara sepak bola menjadi olah raga nomer satu sehingga tidak jarang ketika suatu Negara mangadakan pertandingan Internasional melawan Negara lain akan menimbulkan fanatisme yang luar biasa dari masyarakatnya seperti yang terjadi pada final piala AFF 2010, lalu antara Indonesia versus Malaysia salah seorang supporter Indonesia harus kehilangan nyawanya karena fanatisme luar biasa hingga dia rela berdesak-desakan untuk mendapatkan tiket meskipun nyawa taruhannya. Dan tak jarang pula fanatisme yang berlebihan berujung  pada anarkisme seperti yang sering terjadi dikalangan supporter klub Indonesia dan juga terjadi pada supporter Serbia menyerang pamain timnas Italia dalam lanjutan kualifikasi piala dunia 2014. Tak bisa dipungkiri pula bahwa sepak bola bisa menimbulkan rasa nasionalisme penduduknya atau bahkan meredakan perang sekaipun, lihatlah ketika Irak menjuarai piala Asia 2007 dengan mengalahkan Arab Saudi malalui gol semata wayang yang di lesatkan melalui  sang kapten Younis Mahmoud para penduduk Irak larut dalam eforia kemenangan dan sejenak menghentikan peperangan demi menghormati perjuangan para kesatrianya. Ini jelas menunjukkan bawa sepak bola bukan hanya sekedar permainan di atas lapangan hijau saja akan tetapi ia (sepak bola) bisa menjadi alat pemersatu bangsa. Terlepas dari itu semua sungguh sepak bola adalah olah raga yang sangat menyenangkan apabila sportivitas yang dikedepankan.
Besides that football is the most popular sport in the world, it is proven by the most countries join FIFA namely 208 members compare with another international argument such as PBB which only has member less than 200. Almost in all over the world football is the most popular sport so that frequently when some country organizes a international match with another country bring upon sense of great fanaticism from its people such as AFF Cup 2010 ago between Indonesia versus Malaysia one of the Indonesian supporter die because of excessive fanaticism so that makes him willing to crowd for getting ticket although he must sacrifice his life. And often excessive fanaticism result in anarchism such as happening to supporter of Indonesian club and also Serbian supporter who attack Italian national team in continuation of world cup qualification 2014. It is no doubtful that football causes nationalism its supporter or even it can calm a war, observe ! when Iraq won Asian Cup 2007 ago by defeating Arab Saudi one goal created via its captain Younis Mahmoud all Iraq supporters celebrated the victory and stopped the war in a moment to respect its knights. It shows clearly that football not only game in soccer field but also it (football) can be a nation unifier. Apart from that indeed football is a delightful sport if sportsmanship is set out.



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